What is Acute Coronary Syndrome?

What is Acute Coronary Syndrome?

• ACS is a group of life-threatening conditions caused by sudden reduced blood flow to the heart due to partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery.
• It’s a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment to prevent permanent heart damage or death.

Types of ACS

1. Unstable Angina

   • New or worsening chest pain.
   • Blood flow reduced but no heart muscle damage yet.

2. NSTEMI (Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction)

   • Partial artery blockage causing a heart attack, but no ST elevation on ECG.
   • Causes heart muscle damage.

3. STEMI (ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction)

   • Complete artery blockage causing severe heart attack.
   • Most serious form of ACS.

Typical Symptoms

• Chest discomfort/pressure or pain that may radiate to shoulder, arm, neck, back or jaw.
• Shortness of breath, dizziness or fainting.
• Excessive sweating, fatigue, racing heart or nausea.

Causes / Mechanism

• Usually due to a blood clot forming on ruptured plaque in a coronary artery, blocking blood flow and starving heart muscle of oxygen.
• Often occurs in people with coronary artery disease (plaque buildup).

Risk Factors

• Older age, family history of heart disease.
• High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes.
• Smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, high-fat/sodium diet.
• Excessive alcohol, cocaine use.

Diagnosis

• Physical exam, ECG (electrocardiogram) to detect heart electrical changes.
• Blood tests (e.g., troponin), imaging (echo, CT/MRI).

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Treatment

• Quick restoration of blood flow is essential.
• Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to open blocked artery.
• Medications:
  – Antiplatelet/anticoagulants to prevent clots.
  – Nitroglycerin for chest pain.
  – Beta-blockers, statins, ACE inhibitors.
• Sometimes bypass surgery or clot-dissolving drugs.

Outlook & Recovery

• Depends on type (unstable angina vs heart attack) and how fast treatment was given.
• Many people recover well with timely care and lifestyle changes.

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