Last Month Revision Series for NEET-PG and FMGE

Last Month Revision Series for NEET-PG and FMGE includes:

Part A: Key points from previous year questions in Q&A format for active recall (in simple words, it works like Flashcards - 1st Read the question; 2nd try to Recall the answer in your Mind; 3rd CLICK THE GREEN LINE to Review the answer

Part B: Most Important points from all the potential exam topics in Q&A format for active recall.

Active recalling (better than) >> giving grand tests and practising Qbank >> Reading the notes in traditional way multiple times

 Say goodbye to boring revision and hello to smart, effective revision with active recall.

 

For More contents (Part A, Part B), For More Subjects - Check out our Telegram Channel (LMRS - NEET PG / FMGE) - Click here to JOIN

Ophthalmology (Part A)

PART : 1





1. What is a Vossius ring?

• Ans: Vossius ring is the impression of miotic pupil on the lens after trauma.

2. What is the typical appearance of diabetic cataract?

• Ans: The typical appearance of diabetic cataract is Snowflake opacities.

3. From which embryonic layer does the lens originate?

• Ans: The lens originates from the surface ectoderm.

4. What is the characteristic feature of incipient cataract?

• Ans: In incipient cataract, a constantly changing refractive error is seen.

5. What condition is associated with Christmas tree cataract?

• Ans: Christmas tree cataract is seen in myotonic dystrophy.

6. Which laser is used for the management of after-cataract?

• Ans: Nd YAG laser (1064 nm wavelength) is used for the management of after-cataract.

7. What is the ideal location for intraocular lens implantation?

• Ans: The ideal intraocular lens is placed in the posterior chamber.

8. What does Jens Fincham's test differentiate?

• Ans: Jens Fincham's test differentiates cataract from acute narrow-angle glaucoma.

9. What is the most common type of cataract in children?

• Ans: In children, the most common cataract is blue dot.

10. What is the treatment of choice in aphakia?

• Ans: In aphakia, the treatment of choice is posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation.

11. Which syndrome is associated with anterior lenticonus?

• Ans: Anterior lenticonus is seen in Alport syndrome.

12. What is INH associated with?

• Ans: INH (isoniazid) is associated with cataract.

13. What type of cataract is associated with steroid use?

• Ans: Posterior subcapsular cataract is steroid-induced cataract.

14. What are riders seen in?

• Ans: Riders are seen in zonular cataract.

15. What causes sunflower cataract?

• Ans: Sunflower cataract is seen in chalcosis.

16. What causes rosette-shaped cataract?

• Ans: Rosette-shaped cataract is caused by trauma.

17. What is the advantage of phacoemulsification?

• Ans: Early visual rehabilitation is seen in phacoemulsification.

18. What is the most common late complication of extracapsular cataract surgery?

• Ans: Opacification of the posterior capsule is the most common late complication of extracapsular cataract surgery.

19. What is a common criterion for cataract surgery?

• Ans: Loss of vision is a common criterion for cataract operation.

20. Where is the ideal site for implantation of an IOL?

• Ans: The ideal site for implantation of an IOL is in the capsular bag.

21. What syndrome is subluxation of the lens seen in?

• Ans: Subluxation of the lens is seen in homocystinuria.

22. What type of cataract is characteristic of concussion injury to the eye?

• Ans: Rosette cataract is characteristic of concussion injury to the eye.

23. What is the phenomenon of "Second sight" associated with?

• Ans: The phenomenon of "Second sight" is seen in nuclear cataract.

24. Which molecule initiates cataract formation in the eye lens and is responsible for liver failure?

• Ans: Galactitol is the molecule responsible for cataract formation in the eye lens and liver failure.

25. What type of cataract is associated with existing ocular disease?

• Ans: Complicated cataract is a type of cataract due to existing ocular disease.

26. What is the most common cause of blindness in children in India?

• Ans: Vitamin A deficiency (nutritional blindness) is the most common cause of blindness in children in India.

27. What is the function of MIP-26 in the lens?

• Ans: The best accounted function of MIP-26 in the lens is that it maintains lens transparency.

28. Which surface of the lens has a greater radius of curvature?

• Ans: The anterior surface of the lens has a greater radius of curvature than the posterior surface.

29. What is the effect of steroids on the lens?

• Ans: Steroids are known to cause cataract.

30. Does the lens have sensory innervation?

• Ans: No, the lens has no sensory innervation.

31. What condition does hypermature cataract predispose to?

• Ans: Hypermature cataract predisposes to phacolytic glaucoma.

32. What is the major cause of blindness globally?

• Ans: Cataract is the major cause of blindness globally.

33. What is the rate of IOL implantation?

• Ans: The IOL implantation rate is 94%.

34. What is the dioptric power of a Hruby lens?

• Ans: Hruby lens has a dioptric power of -58D.

35. What condition may lead to positional myopia?

• Ans: Weill Marchesani syndrome may lead to positional myopia.

36. Is a myopia of -20 D a contraindication to IOL implantation?

• Ans: Yes, a myopia of -20 D is a contraindication to IOL implantation.

37. What is the advantage of IOL implantation in aphakia?

• Ans: The advantage of IOL implantation in aphakia is minimal aniseikonia.

38. What is the acquired cause of subluxated lens?

• Ans: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is an acquired cause of subluxated lens.

39. What is Mittendorf's dot a remnant of?

• Ans: Persistence of the anterior end of the primary vitreous is Mittendorf's dot.

40. What is the most common type of congenital/developmental cataract?

• Ans: The most common type of congenital/developmental cataract is blue dot/punctate cataract.

41. What has the thickest basement membrane in the body?

• Ans: The lens capsule has the thickest basement membrane in the body.

42. What leads to lens protein denaturation?

• Ans: Lens protein denaturation leads to nuclear sclerosis.

43. Where are lens sutures located?

• Ans: Lens sutures are located in the fetal nucleus.

44. What condition does intumescent cataract predispose to?

• Ans: Intumescent cataract predisposes to phacomorphic glaucoma.

45. Where is the highest refractive index in the lens?

• Ans: The highest refractive index is at the center of the lens.

46. What are the dangerous areas of the eye?

• Ans: The dangerous areas of the eye are the iris root, pupil, ciliary body base, and equator.

47. What is snow banking seen in?

• Ans: Snow banking is seen in pars planitis.

48. What is commonly seen in malignant melanoma?

• Ans: Vortex vein invasion is commonly seen in malignant melanoma.

49. Where is the iris thinnest?

• Ans: The iris is thinnest at the base.

50. What does the vortex vein drain?

• Ans: The vortex veins drain the uveal tract.

51. What is a characteristic feature of Behcet's syndrome?

• Ans: Recurrent iridocyclitis with hypopyon is seen in Behcet's syndrome.

52. Which condition is associated with heterochromia of the iris?

• Ans: Heterochromia of the iris is seen in heterochromic iridocyclitis of Fuchs.

53. What is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults?

• Ans: The most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults is malignant melanoma.

54. What is a feature of pauci-articular type I?

• Ans: Chronic iridocyclitis is a feature of pauci-articular type I.

55. How many well-defined layers does Bruch's membrane have?

• Ans: Bruch's membrane has five well-defined layers.

56. What systemic association is commonly seen with acute anterior uveitis with arthritis?

• Ans: Ankylosing spondylitis is commonly associated with acute anterior uveitis with arthritis.

57. What are Lisch nodules seen in?

• Ans: Lisch nodules are seen in neurofibromatosis.

58. Where is Koeppe's nodule seen?

• Ans: Koeppe's nodule is seen at the pupillary margin of the iris.

59. What type of syndrome is Posner-Schlossman syndrome?

• Ans: Posner-Schlossman syndrome is a type of hypertensive uveitis.

60. What causes candle wax drippings seen in sarcoidosis?

• Ans: Candle wax drippings seen in sarcoidosis are due to exudates from peripheral retinal periphlebitis.

61. How should pilocarpine be used in aphakic glaucoma?

• Ans: Pilocarpine should be used cautiously in aphakic glaucoma.

62. What organism is typically associated with post-traumatic endophthalmitis?

• Ans: Bacillus cereus is typically associated with post-traumatic endophthalmitis.

63. What are iris roseola seen in?

• Ans: Iris roseola are seen in syphilis.

64. What is the diagnosis when the impression of the miotic pupil on the lens is observed after trauma?

• Ans: The diagnosis is Vossius ring, which is the impression of the miotic pupil on the lens after trauma.







Last Month Revision Series for NEET-PG and FMGE includes:




Ophthalmology (Part A)

PART : 2





1. What is examined microscopically after enucleation in retinoblastoma?

• Ans: Optic nerve tissue is examined microscopically to find out metastasis.

2. What is the characteristic finding in central retinal artery occlusion?

• Ans: Cherry red spot is seen in central retinal artery occlusion.

3. What vision defect is associated with retinitis pigmentosa?

• Ans: Tunnel vision is seen in retinitis pigmentosa.

4. What is the common cause of chorioretinitis in AIDS patients?

• Ans: Chorioretinitis in AIDS patients is typically caused by cytomegalovirus.

5. What chromosomal deletion is associated with hereditary retinoblastoma?

• Ans: Hereditary retinoblastoma develops the chromosomal deletion 13q14.

6. What is the earliest clinically visible sign in diabetic retinopathy?

• Ans: The earliest clinically visible sign in diabetic retinopathy is a microaneurysm.

7. How does the incidence of diabetic retinopathy change with disease duration?

• Ans: The incidence of diabetic retinopathy increases with the duration of the disease.

8. What type of glaucoma is associated with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)?

• Ans: 100-day glaucoma is seen in CRVO (Central Retinal Vein Occlusion).

9. What do 'A' waves correspond to in Electroretinogram (ERG)?

• Ans: In ERG, 'A' waves correspond to rods and cones.

10. What retinal lesion is associated with chloroquine toxicity?

• Ans: Bull's eye retinal lesion is seen in chloroquine toxicity.

11. What fundus appearance is typical in syphilis?

• Ans: Salt and pepper fundus is seen in syphilis.

12. What is the concentration of fluorescein used for topical use?

• Ans: The concentration of fluorescein used for topical use is 5%.

13. What are the characteristic features of diabetic retinopathy?

• Ans: Hard exudates and microaneurysms are characteristic features of diabetic retinopathy.

14. What is the screening strategy for diabetic retinopathy according to NPCB?

• Ans: The NPCB (National Programme for Control of Blindness) strategy for screening diabetic retinopathy is opportunistic screening.

15. What symptoms are associated with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?

• Ans: Retinal detachment with photopsia, floaters, and scintillation are seen in rhegmatogenous detachment.

16. What is the Amsler grid used for?

• Ans: Amsler grid is used in macular disorders.

17. What type of glaucoma is associated with CRVO or 100-day glaucoma?

• Ans: Neovascular glaucoma is seen in CRVO or 100-day glaucoma.

18. What is the characteristic appearance in fluorescein angiography in cystoid macular edema?

• Ans: "Flower-petal appearance" is seen in fluorescein angiography in cystoid macular edema.

19. What is a common symptom in retinitis pigmentosa?

• Ans: Night-blindness is seen in retinitis pigmentosa.

20. In the presence of what retinal condition is retinal hole formation most common?

• Ans: Retinal hole formation is most common in the presence of lattice retinal degeneration.

21. What is the Mizuo phenomenon associated with?

• Ans: Mizuo phenomenon is seen in Oguchi disease.

22. What is the usual cause of late-onset endophthalmitis after intraocular lens implantation?

• Ans: Late-onset endophthalmitis after intraocular lens implantation is usually caused by Propionibacterium acnes.

23. What is the treatment of choice in threshold Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)?

• Ans: The treatment of choice in threshold ROP is photocoagulation.

24. What type of disease is Best disease?

• Ans: Best disease is an autosomal dominant disease of macular dystrophy.

25. What is the Weiss reflex seen in?

• Ans: Weiss reflex is seen in posterior vitreous detachment.

26. What cells are involved in color vision?

• Ans: Color vision involves opponent color cells.

27. Which cells give rise to the B wave in Electroretinogram (ERG)?

• Ans: The B wave in ERG arises from Muller cells.

28. What test is best to differentiate between CRVO and carotid artery occlusion?

• Ans: Ophthalmodynamometry is best to differentiate CRVO from carotid artery occlusion.

29. When is Indocyanine Green (ICG) angiography primarily indicated?

• Ans: ICG angiography is primarily indicated in occult CNV (Choroidal Neovascularization).

30. What is the role of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in vision?

• Ans: Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) isomerizes all-trans retinal to 11-cis retinal.

31. What syndrome is associated with partial trisomy 22?

• Ans: Cat's eye syndrome is associated with partial trisomy 22.

32. What characteristic feature is seen in retinoblastoma?

• Ans: Rosettes are characteristically seen in retinoblastoma.

33. How can classic and occult neovascular membranes be differentiated?

• Ans: Fundus fluorescein angiography can differentiate classic and occult neovascular membranes.

34. What is photodynamic therapy (PDT) useful for?

• Ans: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is useful in occult subfoveal neovascular membrane.

35. How does verteporfin work in photodynamic therapy?

• Ans: Verteporfin, used in photodynamic therapy, generates free radicals causing local blood clotting to the lesion.

36. What condition can mimic retinitis pigmentosa?

• Ans: Rubella retinopathy can mimic retinitis pigmentosa.

37. What causes the cherry red spot in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)?

• Ans: In CRAO, the cherry red spot is due to the contrast between the edematous, pale retina and the reddish choroid.

38. What is the most common location for Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)?

• Ans: The most common site for BRVO is the superotemporal quadrant.

39. What ocular condition is associated with pre-eclampsia?

• Ans: Exudative retinal detachment is seen in pre-eclampsia.

40. What is the pathognomonic feature of diabetic retinopathy?

• Ans: The pathognomonic feature of diabetic retinopathy is a microaneurysm.

41. What artery supplies the choroid?

• Ans: The choroid is supplied by the short posterior ciliary artery.

42. What is the visual prognosis in Best disease?

• Ans: In Best disease, visual acuity is only moderately affected until late stages.

43. What is the most common presenting sign of retinoblastoma?

• Ans: The most common presenting sign of retinoblastoma is leukocoria.

44. What is the most common acute complication caused by diabetes mellitus in the eye?

• Ans: Myopia is the most common acute complication caused by diabetes mellitus in the eye.

45. What is the earliest manifestation of radiation retinopathy?

• Ans: The earliest manifestation of radiation retinopathy is a cotton wool spot.

46. What is the most common ocular complication of giant cell arteritis?

• Ans: The most common ocular complication of giant cell arteritis is ischemic optic neuropathy.

47. What substance is found in the vitreous humor?

• Ans: Hyaluronic acid is found in the vitreous humor.

48. What structural anomaly is seen in morning glory syndrome?

• Ans: The absence of the lamina cribrosa is seen in the morning glory syndrome.

49. What is the most common cause of rubeosis iridis?

• Ans: The most common cause of rubeosis iridis is CRVO.

50. What test is used to investigate optic nerve damage?

• Ans: Perimetry is used to investigate optic nerve damage.

51. When is Indocyanine Green (ICG) angiography primarily indicated?

• Ans: ICG angiography is primarily indicated in choroidal vasculopathies.

52. To which structure is Muller's muscle attached?

• Ans: Muller's muscle is attached to the upper margin of the superior tarsus.

53. Which muscle receives crossed innervation?

• Ans: The superior rectus receives crossed innervation.

54. What type of diplopia is produced in lateral rectus muscle paralysis?

• Ans: Uncrossed diplopia is produced in lateral rectus muscle paralysis.

55. What is the function of the superior oblique muscle?

• Ans: The function of the superior oblique muscle is depression with inward rotation.

56. What happens when the nerve supplying the superior oblique muscle is damaged?

• Ans: Damage to the nerve supplying the superior oblique muscle causes diplopia in the vertical and downward direction.

57. In which direction is diplopia seen in left 6th nerve palsy?

• Ans: Diplopia in left gaze is seen in the 6th nerve palsy of the left side.




Last Month Revision Series for NEET-PG and FMGE includes:




Ophthalmology (Part B)

PART : 1





Basic Anatomy:

•  Question: What are the two segments of the eye?
  - Ans: The whole eye is divided into 2 segments:
  • Anterior: Including the lens and anterior to the lens.
  • Posterior: Behind the lens.
•  Question: What is the nodal point of the eye?
  - Ans: The nodal point of the eye is where the parallel light ray is bent on the cornea and the lens, and it is focused first at a point just behind the lens.
•  Question: Why is bending more on the cornea than on the lens?
  - Ans: Bending is always more on the cornea than on the lens because of two factors:
  • More curvature with the anterior surface.
  • Difference in refractive index between air and water.
•  Question: How is the aqueous humor formed?
  - Ans: The aqueous humor is formed from the ciliary processes and comes to the pupil from the anterior chamber.
•  Question: What is the angle in the eye?
  - Ans: Angle is the *peripheral space between the iris and the cornea*.
•  Question: What happens when the amount of aqueous is more in the eye?
  - Ans: When the amount of aqueous is more, the *pressure* will be more.
•  Question: What happens when the pressures are more in the eye?
  - Ans: When the pressures are more, it damages the optic nerve, which is known as *Glaucoma*.
•  Question: How many ciliary processes are there in a single eye?
  - Ans: There are *70-75 ciliary processes* in a single eye.
•  Question: What is the normal ocular pressure?
  - Ans: The normal ocular pressure is *10-21 mmHg*.
•  Question: What is lamina cribrosa?
  - Ans: When the optic nerve exits through the eye, and the sclera at the disc is perforated, it has small pores known as *lamina cribrosa*.
•  Question: What forms the optic nerve?
  - Ans: The nerve fiber of the retina aggregates at the disc to form the *optic nerve*.
•  Question: What is the capacity and shape of the orbit?
  - Ans: The capacity of the orbit is *30 cc*. The orbit is *quadrilateral and pyramidal* in shape.
•  Question: What is the axial length of the eye?
  - Ans: The axial length of the eye is *around 24mm*.
•  Question: What is the depth of the anterior chamber?
  - Ans: The depth of the anterior chamber is *2.4-2.5 mm*. 2.5 comes as the definition of *anisometropia*. Infants are also *hypermetropic* by *2.5-3 D*.
•  Question: How is the axial length measured?
  - Ans: Axial length is measured by an *A-scan*.
•  Question: What is the total refractive power of the eye?
  - Ans: The total refractive power of the eye is *58-60D*.
•  Question: What is the total refractive power of the cornea and the lens?
  - Ans: The total refractive power of the cornea is *43-45D*, and the lens is *16-17D*.
•  Question: What is the refractive index of the cornea and the lens?
  - Ans: The index of the cornea is *1.37*, and the index of the lens is *1.39*. It is maximum at the center of the lens (*1.4-1.41*).

Diseases of Lens:

•  Question: What is the structure of the lens?
  - Ans: The structure of the lens has a single layer of *anterior epithelial cells*.
  • *Equatorial cells* form the lens fibers.

Physiology:

•  Question: Why is the lens considered dehydrated?
  - Ans: The lens is mainly considered dehydrated because any hydration can cause cataracts.
•  Question: What is the primary metabolism of the lens?
  - Ans: The primary metabolism of the lens is *anaerobic*. 80% of glucose is metabolized *anaerobically*.

Cataract:

•  Question: What is cataract?
  - Ans: *Any opacity* that hinders the optical homogeneity.
•  Question: Name the classifications of cataracts.
  - Ans:
  1. Congenital cataracts
  2. Acquired cataracts
     • Senile
     • Metabolic
     • Complicated
       • Toxic
       • Traumatic
       • Radiational
       • Associated with systemic diseases (presenile cataracts)

Senile Cataract:

•  Question: What are the types of senile cataracts?
  - Ans: Senile cataracts are:
  • Cortical cataracts
  • Nuclear cataracts
  • Subcapsular cataracts
•  Question: What is another name for cortical cataract?
  - Ans: Cortical cataract is also called *Cuneiform cataract*.

Nuclear Cataract:

•  Question: What is the characteristic feature of nuclear cataract?
  - Ans: It is a *central opacity*.
•  Question: What causes sclerosis in nuclear cataracts?
  - Ans: Sclerosis in nuclear cataracts is caused by the accumulation of *more insoluble proteins and pigments* (Melanin and Urochrome), leading to hardening and an increased *refractive index* of the lens, thus leading to more *refractive power* of the lens.

•  Question: Describe the process of accommodation.
  - Ans: When the *ciliary muscle* contracts, it reduces the tension on the *zonules*, allowing them to relax and curl. This reduction in tension causes the lens to become rounder, leading to accommodation.

Process of Accommodation:

•  Question: What happens when the zonules relax during accommodation?
  - Ans: When the zonules relax, there is a *mild increase in the curvature* of the anterior surface of the lens. This is known as *Helmholtz's theory of accommodation*.

Hypermature or Morgagnian Cataract:

•  Question: What is a complication of hypermature cataracts?
  - Ans: A complication is *Phacolytic glaucoma*, which is the leakage of lens protein blocking the trabecular meshwork due to the hypermature cataract.
•  Question: What can be done during surgery if the capsule is not visible properly?
  - Ans: During surgery, if the capsule is not visible properly, *trypan blue dye* can be used to delineate the anterior capsule.

Christmas Tree Cataract:

•  Question: What are Christmas tree cataracts?
  - Ans: Christmas tree cataracts are needle-like opacities that are colored. They are seen in *Myotonic Dystrophy*.
•  Question: What are the ocular features of Myotonic Dystrophy?
  - Ans: The ocular features include *ptosis, low intraocular pressure, presenile cataract, and pigmentary retinopathy*.

Diabetic Cataract:

•  Question: What is diabetic cataract?
  - Ans: Diabetic cataract is a *presenile and metabolic cataract*.
•  Question: How does sorbitol accumulation lead to diabetic cataracts?
  - Ans: A diabetic patient develops cataracts due to *sorbitol accumulation* in the lens. *Sorbitol* is very hyperosmotic and will imbibe water. The enzyme *NADPH-dependent aldose reductase* is responsible.

Shield Cataract:

•  Question: What is shield cataract?
  - Ans: Shield cataract is a *presenile cataract* seen in *atopic dermatitis*.

Oil Droplet Cataract:

•  Question: What causes oil droplet cataract?
  - Ans: Oil droplet cataract is a *metabolic cataract* seen in *galactosemia*.
•  Question: How is oil droplet cataract caused?
  - Ans: It is caused due to the deficiency of *GPUT (Galactose Phosphate Uridyl Transferase)*.
•  Question: Is oil droplet cataract reversible?
  - Ans: Yes, it is *reversible*.

Keyser-Fleischer (KF) Ring:

•  Question: What is Keyser-Fleischer (KF) ring?
  - Ans: It is the *golden-brown copper deposition* in the Descemet membrane.
•  Question: How does Keyser-Fleischer ring appear?
  - Ans: It starts *superiorly and inferiorly* and later becomes a *circle*.
•  Question: In which condition is the Keyser-Fleischer ring seen?
  - Ans: All patients with *neurological complications of Wilson's disease* will have a KF ring.
•  Question: What percentage of patients with hepatic involvement in Wilson's disease can have a KF ring?
  - Ans: Only *65-67%* of patients with hepatic involvement can have a KF ring.

Lowe's Syndrome:

•  Question: What characterizes Lowe's Syndrome?
  - Ans: Lowe's Syndrome is characterized by *posterior lenticonus* apart from cataract. It is also called *Oculocerebrorenal syndrome*.
•  Question: What are the ocular features of Lowe's Syndrome?
  - Ans: The ocular features include *posterior lenticonus* and the *oil globule reflex* seen on slit lamp examination on retro-illumination.

Complicated Cataract:

•  Question: What are the features of complicated cataract?
  - Ans: Complicated cataract can present with *polychromatic lustre*, and *breadcrumb appearance*.
•  Question: What is the most common type of complicated cataract?
  - Ans: The most common type is the *posterior subcapsular* cataract.

Rosette-Shaped Cataract:

•  Question: How is rosette-shaped cataract caused?
  - Ans: It is due to *blunt trauma* and starts from the *posterior cortex*.

Iridodialysis:

•  Question: What is iridodialysis?
  - Ans: It is a feature of blunt trauma characterized by a *D-shaped pupil*.

Vossius Ring:

•  Question: What is Vossius ring?
  - Ans: It is a feature of blunt trauma, situated on the *anterior capsule of the lens*.

Blue Dot Cataract:

•  Question: What is Blue Dot Cataract?
  - Ans: It is the *most common congenital cataract* and is a feature of *Down syndrome*.

Lamellar Cataract:

•  Question: What are the features of Lamellar Cataract?
  - Ans: Lamellar cataract is the *most common congenital cataract* that causes *marked diminution of vision*.
•  - Ans: It is associated with *Vitamin D *deficiency.
•  - Ans: It presents with an *onion-peel *appearance.
•  - Ans: It carries a high risk of *posterior capsular tear* during cataract surgery.

Congenital Rubella Syndrome:

•  Question: What are the signs and symptoms of Congenital Rubella Syndrome?
  - Ans: The triad includes *cataract*, *heart defects*, and *deafness*.
•  - Ans: Ocular features include *diffuse pigmentary retinopathy* and *salt-and-pepper retinopathy*.
•  - Ans: The most common type of cataract seen is *nuclear pearly cataract*.